Antarctic Paradox

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Lautan Selatan memiliki konsentrasi nitrogen, fosfor, dan silikat yang tinggi — nutrisi yang membatasi pertumbuhan fitoplankton di banyak lautan lain. Namun biomassa fitoplankton tetap rendah. Ini disebut juga HNLC (High Nutrient, Low Chlorophyll).

John Martin (1990) mengajukan hipotesis besi: fitoplankton di Antartika dibatasi oleh kekurangan zat besi, bukan nutrisi utama. Debu yang terbawa angin membawa besi ke laut — di Antartika, debu sangat sedikit. Eksperimen pemupukan besi skala besar (IRONEX, SOIREE) mengkonfirmasi: menambahkan sedikit besi memicu ledakan fitoplankton. Temuan ini membuka perdebatan tentang geo-engineering iklim melalui pemupukan besi lautan.

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