Hormesis

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Paracelsus (~1530) menyatakan: sola dosis facit venenum — hanya dosis yang membuat racun. Hormesis adalah fenomena di mana kurva dosis-respons berbentuk U terbalik atau J: dosis sangat rendah stimulatif/menguntungkan, dosis sedang-tinggi toksik. Radiasi dosis rendah, alkohol, arsenik, dan banyak toksin menunjukkan pola ini.

Mekanismenya: stres ringan mengaktifkan respons adaptif (adaptive response) — perbaikan DNA, antioksidan, autopagi. Ini adalah prinsip di balik vaksinasi, olahraga (stres fisik menghasilkan adaptasi), dan puasa intermiten. Hormesis menantang model toksikologi linear yang mengasumsikan tidak ada dosis aman untuk karsinogen.

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