GZK Paradox

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Greisen, Zatsepin, dan Kuzmin (1966) memprediksi: proton berenergi >5×10¹⁹ eV akan berinteraksi dengan foton CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) dan kehilangan energi, membatasi jarak perjalanannya menjadi ~50-100 megaparsek (GZK limit). Namun beberapa detektor sinar kosmik menemukan partikel di atas ambang ini.

Penjelasan yang diusulkan: (1) sumbernya lebih dekat dari yang diperkirakan; (2) partikelnya bukan proton melainkan inti berat yang memiliki limit berbeda; (3) fisika baru di luar Model Standar. Observatorium Pierre Auger menunjukkan korelasi dengan galaksi aktif dekat — mendukung hipotesis sumber lokal. Paradoks ini mendorong fisika astropartikel modern.

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