Maxwell's Demon

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James Clerk Maxwell (1867): bayangkan makhluk kecil (demon) yang mengontrol pintu antara dua ruangan gas. Ia membiarkan molekul cepat masuk ke kanan dan molekul lambat ke kiri — menghasilkan gradien suhu dari sistem yang awalnya seragam, tanpa melakukan kerja. Ini tampak melanggar hukum kedua termodinamika.

Resolusi datang dari Leo Szilard (1929) dan Rolf Landauer (1961): demon harus mengukur dan menyimpan informasi tentang setiap molekul. Ketika demon menghapus informasi dari memorinya (yang terbatas), entropi dibuang ke lingkungan — setidaknya sebesar kT ln2 per bit. Hukum kedua terpelihara. Landauer's principle menjadi koneksi fundamental antara informasi dan termodinamika, relevan dalam komputasi.

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